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6.3 HTML Symbols

Symbols that are not present on your keyboard can also be added by using entities.

HTML Symbol Entities

HTML entities were described in the previous chapter. Many mathematical, technical, and currency symbols, are not present on a normal keyboard. To add such symbols to an HTML page, you can use the entity name or the entity number (a decimal or a hexadecimal reference) for the symbol.

Example 1: HTML euro symbol

Display the euro sign, €, with an entity name, a decimal, and a hexadecimal value

<p>I will display &euro;</p>
<p>I will display &#8364;</p>
<p>I will display &#x20AC;</p>

Will display as:

I will display €
I will display €
I will display €

Some Mathematical Symbols Supported by HTML

Char	Number	Entity	Description
∀	∀	∀	FOR ALL
∂	∂	∂	PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL
∃	∃	∃	THERE EXISTS
∅	∅	∅	EMPTY SETS
∇	∇	∇	NABLA
∈	∈	∈	ELEMENT OF
∉	∉	∉	NOT AN ELEMENT OF
∋	∋	&ni;	CONTAINS AS MEMBER
∏	∏	∏	N-ARY PRODUCT
∑	∑	∑	N-ARY SUMMATION

Full Math Reference

Some Greek Letters Supported by HTML

Char	Number	Entity	Description
Α	Α	Α	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA
Β	Β	Β	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA
Γ	Γ	Γ	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA
Δ	Δ	Δ	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA
Ε	Ε	Ε	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON
Ζ	Ζ	Ζ	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA

Full Greek Reference

Some Other Entities Supported by HTML

Char	Number	Entity	Description
©	©	©	COPYRIGHT SIGN
®	®	®	REGISTERED SIGN
€	€	€	EURO SIGN
™	™	™	TRADEMARK
←	←	←	LEFTWARDS ARROW
↑	↑	↑	UPWARDS ARROW
→	→	→	RIGHTWARDS ARROW
↓	↓	↓	DOWNWARDS ARROW
♠	♠	&spades;	BLACK SPADE SUIT
♣	♣	&clubs;	BLACK CLUB SUIT
♥	♥	&hearts;	BLACK HEART SUIT
♦	♦	&diams;	BLACK DIAMOND SUIT

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Module 6: Entities, Symbols and Encoding