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9.4 JS 2016

The JavaScript naming convention started with ES1, ES2, ES3, ES5 and ES6.
But, ECMAScript 2016 and 2017 was not called ES7 and ES8.
Since 2016 new versions are named by year (ECMAScript 2016, ECMAScript 2017).

New Features in ECMAScript 2016

This chapter introduces the new features in ECMAScript 2016

JavaScript Exponentiation (**)
JavaScript Exponentiation assignment (**=)
JavaScript Array.prototype.includes

Exponentiation Operator

The exponentiation operator (**) raises the first operand to the power of the second operand.

Example 1: JS Exponentiation Operator

let x = 5;
let z = x ** 2;          // result is 25

x ** y produces the same result as Math.pow(x, y):

Example 2: JS Exponentiation Operator - Math.pow()

let x = 5;
let z = Math.pow(x,2);   // result is 25

Exponentiation Assignment

The exponentiation assignment operator (**=) raises the value of a variable to the power of the right operand.

Example 3: JS Exponentiation Assignment (**=)

let x = 5;
x **= 2; // result 25

Chrome 52 and Edge 14 was the first browsers to fully support the Exponentiation Operator:


Chrome 52	Edge 13	Firefox 52	Safari 10.1	Opera 39
Jul 2016	Aug 2016	Mar 2017	Mar 2017	Aug 2016

JavaScript Array.prototype.includes

ECMAScript 2016 introduced Array.prototype.includes to arrays. This allows us to check if an element is present in an array:

Example 4: JS Arrays - The includes() Method

const fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"];

fruits.includes("Mango"); // is true

All modern browsers support Array.prototype.includes:


Chrome 47	Edge 14	Firefox 43	Safari 9	Opera 34
Dec 2015	Aug 2016	Dec 2015	Oct 2015	Dec 2015

JavaScript Fundamentals course home
Module 9. JS Versions

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Example files created in this module:
JS Strings - String.trim() JS Arrays - isArray() JS Array.forEach() JS Array.map() JS Array.filter() JS Array.reduce() JS Array.reduceRight() JS Array.every() JS Array.some() JS Array.indexOf() JS Array.lastIndexOf() JS JSON.stringify() JS Date.now() JS Getters and Setters part 1 JS Getters and Setters part 2 JS Getters and Setters part 3 JS New Object Property Methods part 1 JS New Object Property Methods part 2 JS New Object Property Methods part 3 JS Property Access on Strings part 1 JS Property Access on Strings part 2 JS Strings Over Multiple Lines part 1 JS Strings Over Multiple Lines part 2 JS let JS const JS Arrow Functions part 1 JS Arrow Functions part 2 JS For Of Loop - Looping over an Array JS For Of Loop - Looping over a String JS Classes - Using a Class JS Promise - Using a Promise JS Using JavaScript Symbol() JS Functions Default Parameter Values JS Functions - The Rest Parameter JS Arrays - The find() Method JS Arrays - The findIndex() Method JS Number Object Properties - EPSILON JS Number Object Properties - MIN_SAFE_INTEGER JS Number Object Properties - MAX_SAFE_INTEGER JS Numbers - The isInteger() Method JS Numbers - The isSafeInteger() Method JS Numbers - The isFinite() Method JS Numbers - The isNaN() Method JS Exponentiation Operator JS Exponentiation Operator - Math.pow() JS Exponentiation Assignment (**=) JS Arrays - The includes() Method JS Strings - The padStart() Method JS Strings - The padEnd() Method JS Object Methods - Object.entries() method JS Object Methods - Object.values() method JS Async Functions JS Strings - The trimStart() Method JS Strings - The trimEnd() Method JS Objects - The fromEntries() Method JS Arrays - The flat() Method JS Arrays - The flatMap() Method JS Stable Sort JS JSON - Revised stringify() JS Strings - Separator Symbols JS Functions - The toString() Method JS Numbers - Create a BigInt JS Numbers - BigInt typeof JS Strings - The matchAll() Method part 1 JS Strings - The matchAll() Method part 2 JS Strings - The matchAll() Method part 3 JS Operators - The ?? Operator JS Operators - The ?. Operator JS Strings - The replaceAll() Method part 1 JS Strings - The replaceAll() Method part 2 JS Numbers - Numeric Separator (_) part 1 JS Numbers - Numeric Separator (_) part 2 JS Numbers - Numeric Separator (_) part 3 JS Arrays - Array at() JS Strings - The at() Method